b) Describe TWO specific economic consequences of the collapse of the managed honeybee colonies. Identify a specific type of plant community of biome (other than a forest) that is naturally maintained by fire. that is a “subset of the interactions between biophysical structures, biodiversity and ecosystem processes that underpin the capacity of an ecosystem to provide ecosystem services (TEEB 2010). It is noticeable that CICES is an extendable classification and that a further level of disaggregation (class) is not shown in the Table for the sake of readability. The second concept is ecosystem function that is a “subset of the interactions between biophysical structures, biodiversity and ecosystem processes that underpin the capacity of an ecosystem to provide ecosystem services (TEEB 2010). Wildlife is important to the heritage, culture, and heart of America, and we want to preserve it as a legacy for our children. These ecosystems, functioning in healthy relationship, offer such things like natural pollination of crops, clean air, extreme weather … human In this regard, forests provide the best conditions for nutrient and water cycling, primary production and facilitate soil formation. 2. http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.300.aspx.pdf, and MA (2005) Global & Multiscale Assessment Reports, Current State & Trends Assessment, Ch. Support for downstream fisheries 20.00 Firewood 7.96 Fishing 6.26 Recreation 5.28 Domestic sewage treatment 4.32 Freshwater supply for local people 3.78 Carbon sequestration 0.78 Total 726.49 Economic values an ecosystem service Emerton & Kekulandala, 2003 3.1 Ecosystem services and disservices provided by native tropical forests In 2014, the Center for Global Development (CGD) produced a report discussing that different ecosystem services that tropical forests can provide (Brandon, 2014). Pollination by native insects is considered an ecosystem service. Ans: The forest ecosystem services provide critical and diverse functions and values to human society. However, not all benefits to people from ecosystems can be measured in monetary terms. There are three interlinked concepts related to the provision of ecosystem services, i.e. Higher levels of dead tree matter release more carbon dioxide through decomposition. vital. Ecosystems influence the local climate and air quality. Rainforest ecosystem services are not just vital for their regulating roles. Several classification approaches to classification of ecosystem services has been developed. They also provide multiple goods and services which benefit people in many ways: economically, materially, health-wise, emotionally or socially. C. Precipitation on hot days is a supporting ecosystem service. The scope of this web-portal is specifically on, Fresh water (water purification) (also Regulation service), Materials / Biomass, fibre (genetic resources), Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions / Pest and disease control, Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions / Water conditions, Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions / Atmospheric composition and climate regulation, Climate regulation (incl. ... as a decision support tool, to identify potential winners and losers when adopting a certain management alternative, Forest Ecosystem Services Forests cover nearly a third of the Earth’s surface and support much of the world’s biodiversity. It is worth mention that the last column of this table (FES in CICES) is in line with results of the MAES Forest Ecosystem Services Pilot MAES 2014 that provided an agreed classification of FES derived from CICES up to class level to be used at pan-European level. Forests stores carbon and seizes growth from the atmosphere, which contributes to climate change mitigation and the carbon cycle. Conceptual framework for EU wide ecosystem assessments (MAES, 2013). Thus the flow of ES is seen as the link between socio-economic systems and ecosystems (MAES 2013), and this is the aspect usually accounted for assessment and valuation of ES. Although you cannot put a value on all the ways the natural world enriches our lives, there are many tangible benefits to living in a world with strong and healthy ecosystems. However, there are also other two international classifications of ES applied according to MA (2005) and TEEB initiatives (2010). Luxembourg: Publications office of the European Union. Excluding fire reduction, describe ONE positive and ONE negative effect likely to result from the implementation of the provisions of the HFI. Describe TWO ways that the activities of the beetles might enhance climate changes. Describe TWO ecosystem services provided for humans by forests. Food ▹ Ecosystems provide the conditions for growing food. B. The findings from this report are summarized here and expanded upon when necessary. We have a stronger economy, diverse food products, and advancements in medical research as a result of wildlife and natural ecosystems. Below, we are looking at the interaction between the different production systems and the types of ecosystem services according to the typology of The Economics of Ecosystems … Planted forests can take economic pressure off of natural forests, provide livelihoods and support local industry development, Keenan said. The USDA Forest Service has been exploring use of an ecosystem services framework to describe forest values provided by public lands and to attract and build partnerships with stakeholders to implement projects. Forests are widely recognized as major providers of ecosystem services, including timber, other forest products, recreation, regulation of water, soil and air quality, and climate change mitigation. A first look to the comparison of the three classifications suggests that there are important commonalities between them. Identify TWO characteristics of forests that develop when fires are suppressed, and explain why the practice of fire suppression does not reduce, but actually increases, the risk of intense and extensive forest fires. Provisioning Goods. Service #1: Forests provide oxygen (via photosynthesis). The main categories of provision, regulation (and maintenance) and cultural (and amenity) are comparable and in many cases the subcategories are also coincident. Therefore, it is important to include other values as well, such as health value, social value or conservation value. Identify a different ecosystem service and explain how that service benefits human society, Describe TWO characteristics shared by ecosystems that have high biodiversity, Identify TWO specific human activities that result in a loss of biodiversity and explain how each activity lowers biodiversity, Activity #1: Overfishing/Hunting/Poaching, For each human activity you discussed in (B), propose a practical strategy (other than simply banning the activity) to reduce the loss of biodiversity, Describe ONE naturally occurring factor that could lead to a loss of biodiversity, Factor: Widespread wildfires can wipe out small populations, Describe TWO ecological benefits that greater biodiversity provides. Definition of ecosystem services Ecosystem services are the benefits provided to humans through the transformations of resources (or environmental assets, including land, water, vegetation and atmosphere) into a flow of essential goods and services e.g. Processes and functions occur inside the ecosystem and are influenced by anthropic drivers that may have an impact (positive and negative) in the provision of services. Tropical forests have incredibly high species diversity– and moist tropical forests contain over two- thirds of all land-based species. It supports conservation and biodiversity maintenance as prime habitat for many types of species. EEA Framework Contract No EEA/IEA/09/003. Reduced winter mortality of beetle larvae is likely a consequence of global climate change. Recreational services; The FSC ® Ecosystem Services procedure aims to help to preserve these services for the good of all who use them. A. Identify and explain one impact that zebra mussels can have on aquatic ecosystems. Ecosystem processes include decomposition, production, nutrient cycling, and fluxes of nutrients and energy (MA 2005). Medicinal resources: Nature provides many resources, including plants and animals that we humans use as traditional medicines. Supporting services These are services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. For each physical change you identify, describe an impact of that change on the forest ecosystem. Ecosystems provide us with valuable resources, such as timber (from forests) and biofuels from plants, which are the primary materials used in construction activities. Benefits also include the hosting and protection of sites and landscapes of high cultural, spiritual, or recreational value. are “the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems -the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human wellbeing” (TEEB 2010). The focus on benefits implies that ecosystem services are open to economic valuation. ecosystem process, ecosystem function, and ecosystem service. Luxembourg: Publications office of the European Union. Those who gain a sense of place are also more likely to perceive that they have attained the benefits they desire and will want to visit forests again in the future (Kil and others 2012). 21, http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.290.aspx.pdf. MA (2003) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment, Ch. The effects of the HFI are expected to extend beyond fire reduction. Providing living spaces for plants or animals and maintaining a diversity of plants and animals, are ‘ supporting services ' and the basis of all ecosystems and their services. Ecosystem services are the many and varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems. A first look to the comparison of the three classifications suggests that there are important commonalities between them. ecosystem process, ecosystem function, and ecosystem service. Rainforests are also crucial to culture and society. One strategy for controlling an invasive species has been to introduce another nonnative species to control it; this strategy can often have unintended results. Where the forests’ unique potential to support We offer FSC Ecosystems Services verification internationally as an addition to Forest Management certification, allowing our clients to make specific claims about the ecosystem services provided by their forests. through the construction of buildings or infrastructure, or industrial policy through pollution) (MAES 2013). Where forests contribute effectively to sustainable development, through ensuring green economy The main categories of provision, regulation (and maintenance) and cultural (and amenity) are comparable and in many cases the subcategories are also coincident. Healthy forest ecosystems are ecological life-support systems. a Trees or other plants also play an important role in regulating air quality by removing pollutants from … One main outcome that I enjoyed from this workshop was the update on all sorts of cool tools that are out there to help us talk about the ecosystem services provided by urban forests. People benefit from ecosystem (goods and) services. In high biodiversity forests this complexity allows organisms to adapt to continually changing environmental conditions and to maintain ecosystem functions. Biological Control: Cane toads to prey on insect species, Discuss TWO specific characteristics of invasive species that enable them to thrive in new environments, Provide one reason why fire-suppression policies lead to increased beetle activity, Suppression leads to increased numbers of trees/more food/ denser forests. For more details about ESS and FES classification see the FOREST EUROPE Final Report on Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services (2014). MAES, according to Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES, 2013), classifies ES into three groups: Provisioning, Regulating/Maintenance and Cultural services. Explain how the fire maintains the community or biome. Description Ecosystem services are recognized as a way of framing and describing the broad suite of benefits that people receive from forests. The importance or “value” of ecosystems is viewed and expressed differently by different disciplines, cultural conceptions, philosophical views, and schools of thought. Forest biodiversity can be considered at different levels, including the ecosystem, landscapes, species, populations and genetics. They are increasingly popular … Cambridge: Earthscan. Identify one other invasive species, either terrestrial or aquatic, and describe one negative impact it has had. is “any change or reaction which occurs within ecosystems, physical, chemical or biological. Such ecosystems include, for example, agroecosystems, forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. TEEB (2010): The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and economic foundation. 1997). The governance of the coupled socio-economic-ecological system is an integral part of the framework: Institutions, stakeholders and users of ecosystem services affect ecosystems through direct or indirect drivers of change. The widespread death of trees leads to a series of changes in a forest ecosystem. Biodiversity – the variety of all life on earth – plays a key role in the structural set-up of ecosystems, which is essential to maintaining basic ecosystem processes and supporting ecosystem functions. Washington, D.C. (USA): World Resources Institute. C sequestration), Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions / Soil formation and composition, Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions / Lifecycle maintenance, habitat and gene pool protection, Maintenance of genetic diversity (especially in gene pool protection), Spiritual, symbolic and other interactions with ecosystems and landscapes / Spiritual and/or emblematic, Physical and intellectual interactions with ecosystems and landscapes / Intellectual and representative interactions, Physical and intellectual interactions with ecosystems and landscapes / Physical and experiential interactions, Spiritual, symbolic and other interactions with ecosystems and landscapes / Other cultural outputs, (in MA services necessary for the production of all other ES). MA (2005): Ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. Explain how clear cutting would affect each ecosystem service you describe. Service #1: Forests provide oxygen (via photosynthesis) Impact: Some loss of oxygen, without which we cannot live Service #2: Forests provide wood for fuel Impact: increase in the short-term availability of wood, but potential long-term loss of availability support a) Identify and describe one supporting ecosystem service provided by forests. And finally, ecosystem services are “the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems -the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human wellbeing” (TEEB 2010). 21 http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.290.aspx.pdf, TEEB (2010) Integrating the ecological and economic dimensions in biodiversity and ecosystem service valuation, Ch 1. http://www.teebweb.org/EcologicalandEconomicFoundation/tabid/1018/Default.aspx. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture carbon dioxide and remove it from the atmosphere. View Homework Help - 5B383F00-255B-4407-942A-09D9BB30D541 from AP ENGLISH 576 at Bayside High School, Bayside. There are three interlinked concepts related to the provision of ecosystem services, i.e. Tropical forests provide diverse ecosystem services largely because they have high density and diversity, packing in a lot of species and biomass compared to other forests. is realized to the benefit of society.”. ”To shape a future where all European forests are Policies concerning natural resource management aim to affect drivers of change to achieve a desired future state of ecosystems. From the original classification of ESS from MA, TEEB and CICES a comparison including only FES is shown in the Table . From the original classification of ESS from MA, TEEB and CICES a comparison including only FES is shown in the Table . “The expansion of planted forests is considered a great contribution to enhancing Vietnam’s forest cover, ecosystem services and poverty reduction,” said Vu Tan Phuong, a deputy director at VAFS. Forests provide a full suite of goods and services that are vital to human health and livelihood, natural assets we call ecosystem services. For example, trees provide shade whilst forests influence rainfall and water availability both locally and regionally. D. Wetlands provide protection against storm damage and floods, a regulating ecosystem service. It is noticeable that CICES is an extendable classification and that a further level of disaggregation (class) is not shown in the Table for the sake of readability. Ecosystem process is “any change or reaction which occurs within ecosystems, physical, chemical or biological. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries are influenced and influence all types of ecosystem services. It can be stated, the MAES (2013) framework is successful in integrating the biophysical domain with the socio-economic drivers affecting ES and considers as well the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functions and services, therefore this is a good basis for consideration of European forests in terms of ecosystem service delivery and opportunity. Wind and water carry soil to new areas through erosion, a provisioning ecosystem service. clean air, water, and food (Constanza et al. Comparison of these three main classification schemes. 2. http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.300.aspx.pdf and MA (2005) Global & Multiscale Assessment Reports, Current State & Trends Assessment, Ch. In this paper, the preferences of ecosystem services provided by different types of urban forests in South Korea are analyzed to provide insights on the improved distribution and supply of ecosystem services. As the article states, the number of managed honeybee colonies has dropped significantly over the past few decades. It is estimated that about half of the world’s species are found in forested areas, particularly in species-rich tropical forests. The concept “ecosystem goods and services” is synonymous with ecosystem services. MAES (2013): Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services – An analytical framework for ecosystem assessments under Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Give a specific example of this strategy and discuss a negative impact of introducing a nonnative species to control an invasive species. Identify TWO physical changes that occur in the forest ecosystem as the result of the death of mature trees. Why are zebra mussels located primarily in areas in the eastern United States rather than in the western United States, The western mountain ranges (Rockies) serve as a natural barrier to dispersal, How are zebra mussels introduced into isolated lakes? Putting air conditioning in homes is an example of a cultural ecosystem service. Ecosystem processes include decomposition, production, nutrient cycling, and fluxes of nutrients and energy (MA 2005). Impact: Increased water clarity/ transparency. The scope of this web-portal is specifically on forest ecosystem services (FES) – those ES provided by forest ecosystems. MA (2003) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment, Ch. The Delphi technique was utilized to elicit expert opinions on the categorization of ecosystem services provided by urban forests. Because the National Grasslands contain large areas of intact prairie and other grassland types, they provide the ecosystem service of carbon sequestration in grassland vegetation and … They … Haines-Young, R.; Potschin, M. (2013): Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): Consultation on Version 4, August-December 2012. Forest Ecosystem Services: Cultural Values help individuals gain a sense of place and an appreciation of the services provided by forests. Extensive tracts of boreal forests are actively managed for timber production, but actions aimed at increasing timber yields also affect other forest functions and services. EEA Framework Contract No EEA/IEA/09/003, Click here to open the Web Portal on Forest Ecosystem Services, Valuation approaches and methods classified according to type of FES to be valued, Overview of valuation approaches and methods. TEEB (2010) Integrating the ecological and economic dimensions in biodiversity and ecosystem service valuation, Ch 1. http://www.teebweb.org/EcologicalandEconomicFoundation/tabid/1018/Default.aspx, Haines-Young, R.; Potschin, M. (2013): Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): Consultation on Version 4, August-December 2012. Positive: Increased removal of medium and large trees will: lower the cost of timber. Forests provide a wide range of economic and social benefits for instance through employment, value generated from the processing and trade of forest products, and investments in the forest sector. This study is an expansion of a previous study that analyzed the ecosystem service literature for blue forest ecosystems (Himes-Cornell et al., 2018, see this publication for a complete description of the literature review methods). Timber is a primary ecosystem service provided by forests and is integral to market economies. Ecosystem services are the benefits natural ecosystems provide to people. This report explains the variety of environmental services tropical forests provide and the science underlying how forests provide these services. Wild foods from forests are often underestimated. Many other policies also affect these drivers and thus can be added to the framework as they have an impact on ecosystems even though they might not target them at all (e.g. The concept “ecosystem goods and services” is synonymous with ecosystem services. Timber is used to create a variety of products for human use, including pulpwood for paper and cardboard and lumber for the construction of homes and furniture. Culture Sustaining. Tropical deforestation and degradation have reduced the area covered by tropical forests from 12 percent to less than 5 percent of Earth’s land area. Forest ecosystems and biodiversity are strongly interlinked. The present study focuses on the 70 papers found in that study that attempted to value mangrove ecosystem services. These benefits are, among others, nutrition, access to clean air and water, health, safety, and enjoyment and they affect (increase) human wellbeing, which is the key target of managing the socio-economic systems. 12 Chapter 2. well-being. Forests are complex ecosystems that can host a substantial part of our planet’s biodiversity and store genetic resources. Describe one viable method for preventing the spread of zebra mussels into isolated lakes, Mechanism of introduction: Transport of boats or boat trailers with mussels attached. Food comes principally from managed agroecosystems but marine and freshwater systems or forests also provide food for human consumption. It is worth mention that the last column of this table (FES in CICES) is in line with results of the MAES Forest Ecosystem Services Pilot MAES 2014 that provided an agreed classification of FES derived from CICES up to class level to be used at pan-European level. MAES (2014): Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services – Indicators for ecosystem assessments under Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services. The scope of this web-portal is specifically on forest ecosystem services (FES) – those ES provided by forest ecosystems. Thus the flow of ES is seen as the link between socio-economic systems and ecosystems (MAES 2013), and this is the aspect usually accounted for assessment and valuation of ES. Teeb 2010 ) measured in monetary terms the production of all other ecosystem services supports... 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